Unit 6 Review | FranksBio.net

Unit 6: Need to Know and Be Able to Do

BIO.2.1 - ATP and Energy Transfer

Need to know

ATP has three parts: adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
ADP is the same molecule with two phosphate groups and less stored energy.
Diagram labels may use the terms triphosphate and diphosphate.
The high-energy bond is between the second and third phosphate groups.
Adding a phosphate to ADP forms ATP and stores energy.
Removing the outermost phosphate from ATP forms ADP and releases energy.
ATP powers active transport, muscle contraction, nerve signals, and vesicle movement.

Be able to do

Read an ATP diagram and identify that breaking the outermost phosphate bond releases energy for cellular activities.
Distinguish bond breaking, which releases energy, from bond forming, which stores energy.
Explain that ATP does work by transferring its third phosphate to another molecule.

Watch out for

ATP contains adenine and ribose, not thymine and deoxyribose.
When a diagram labels bonds, identify both the correct bond and whether it is being broken or formed.

BIO.2.2 - Photosynthesis

Need to know

The reactants are carbon dioxide and water, and the process is driven by light energy.
The products are glucose and oxygen.
The equation is 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂, with light energy over the arrow.
CO₂ is carbon dioxide, H₂O is water, O₂ is oxygen, and C₆H₁₂O₆ is glucose.
Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast of a leaf cell. Only autotrophs have chloroplasts.
Light is an energy input, not a matter reactant. The matter reactants are carbon dioxide and water.

Stage	Input	Output
Light reactions	H₂O	O₂
Calvin cycle	CO₂	Glucose

Be able to do

Sort substances into photosynthesis inputs and outputs.
Place reactants and products into the correct positions in a model.
Repair an incomplete equation by adding light energy over the arrow.
Correct a faulty model by identifying reversed labels.
Place H₂O, CO₂, O₂, and glucose into the correct stages on a chloroplast diagram.
Explain that photosynthesis stores light energy as chemical energy in the bonds of glucose.
Predict that a plant in bright light produces more oxygen than a plant in darkness because light supplies the energy that starts the process.
Identify leaves as the plant structures to sample in a photosynthesis investigation.

Watch out for

Energy changes from light energy to chemical energy; do not describe the transformation only as movement between carrier molecules.
Do not confuse photosynthesis with respiration or run the photosynthesis equation backward.
Remember: light reactions use light and water and release oxygen; the Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide to build glucose.

BIO.2.3 - Cellular Respiration

Need to know

Cellular respiration transfers chemical energy in glucose into chemical energy in ATP.
All living things perform cellular respiration, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Cells cannot use glucose directly; its energy must be transferred to ATP.
The aerobic equation is oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
The stages occur in this order: glycolysis → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain.

Stage	Location	Uses	Produces	ATP
Glycolysis	Cytoplasm	Glucose	Products passed to stage 2	2
Citric acid cycle	Mitochondrion	Products of stage 1	Carbon dioxide	2
Electron transport chain	Mitochondrion	Products of stage 2 and oxygen	Water	32
Total ATP				36

Be able to do

Name each stage from a three-stage model showing ATP output at each step.
Complete a pathway model using glucose, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, ATP, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion. Some labels may be used more than once.
State what each stage uses and produces.
Explain that breaking and rearranging bonds in glucose releases energy, which is the reverse of photosynthesis.
Explain that completely broken down means all of glucose's carbon leaves as carbon dioxide, releasing the maximum energy.

Watch out for

Carbon dioxide comes from the citric acid cycle. Water comes from the electron transport chain.
Oxygen is used at the electron transport chain, not during glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
The total is 36 ATP: 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the citric acid cycle, and 32 from the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm; the remaining 34 ATP are produced in the mitochondrion.

BIO.2.4 - Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Need to know

Process	Equation
Aerobic, animals	Oxygen + glucose → water + carbon dioxide + energy
Aerobic, plants	Oxygen + glucose → water + carbon dioxide + energy
Anaerobic, animals	Glucose → lactic acid + energy
Anaerobic, plants and yeast	Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

Feature	Aerobic	Anaerobic, plants	Anaerobic, animals
Oxygen required?	Yes	No	No
Glycolysis?	Yes	Yes	Yes
ATP yield	36	2	2
Glucose completely broken down?	Yes	No	No
End products	CO₂ + water	Ethanol + CO₂	Lactic acid

Anaerobic respiration occurs only in the cytoplasm because oxygen allows aerobic respiration to continue in the mitochondrion.
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient because glucose is not completely broken down, producing only 2 ATP instead of 36.
Plants and yeast produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Animals and bacteria produce lactic acid.

Be able to do

Complete aerobic and anaerobic equations by placing oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and ethanol correctly. Some substances may be used more than once.
Complete a comparison chart for aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Name oxygen availability as the independent variable and respiration rate as the dependent variable when respiration is measured through carbon-dioxide output, oxygen consumption, or byproduct production.
Identify appropriate controls, including temperature, glucose concentration, organism mass, and time.
Recognize carbon-dioxide indicators: limewater turns cloudy, bromothymol blue turns yellow, balloons inflate, and bubbles form.
Explain why a particular organism is appropriate for a respiration investigation.
Read a graph comparing aerobic and anaerobic energy yield over exercise time: anaerobic respiration dominates early, while aerobic respiration dominates after oxygen delivery catches up.
Explain that strenuous exercise can outrun oxygen delivery, causing muscle cells to produce lactic acid.
Explain that low-oxygen intestines allow bacteria to respire anaerobically and that waterlogged soil deprives roots of oxygen, slowing growth and browning leaf tips.

Watch out for

Aerobic respiration is the same in plants and animals.
Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid without carbon dioxide.
Glycolysis occurs in aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
Carbon dioxide alone does not prove anaerobic respiration because both pathways can produce it. Ethanol or lactic acid provides stronger evidence.
Sealing a container creates anaerobic conditions; darkness alone does not remove oxygen from an open container.
Do not reverse the oxygen condition: anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is unavailable.

Unit 6 Flashcards

Study the essential terms for cellular energy.

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Unit 6 Interactive Review

Practice ATP, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and cellular energy concepts.

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Unit 6 Review Quiz

Complete 30 single-choice questions with immediate feedback, including energy models, charts, and graphs.

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ATP Review

Practice ATP structure, energy transfer, and the ATP-ADP cycle.

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Photosynthesis Review

Practice the reactants, products, stages, and energy transformations of photosynthesis.

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Aerobic Respiration Review

Practice the stages, locations, inputs, outputs, and ATP production of aerobic respiration.

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Anaerobic Respiration and Comparison Review

Practice anaerobic respiration and compare it with aerobic respiration.

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Respiration Experiments Review

Practice interpreting experimental designs and data related to cellular respiration.

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ATP Structure

Drag the labels to identify adenine, ribose, phosphate groups, and high-energy bonds in ATP.

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ATP-ADP Cycle Diagram

Drag-and-drop review of the ATP-ADP cycle and cellular energy transfer.

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Photosynthesis Diagram

Drag-and-drop review for the major parts of photosynthesis.

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Chemical Formula Identification

Identify the chemical formulas used in the photosynthesis equation.

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration Diagram

Drag-and-drop review for the major parts of aerobic cellular respiration.

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Blooket and Wayground Reviews

Open the Unit 6 section of the Biology Review Doc for Blooket games and Wayground reviews.

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Test 3 Flashcards - Units 5-6

Review Unit 5 and Unit 6 terms separately or as one mixed test deck.

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